Faculty Governance and MOOCs

The faculty of Amherst College have voted to reject a proposal to join edX in providing Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs).

Professors across the United States can appreciate this rare instance of faculty empowerment that affirms the principle of faculty governance at Amherst College.

According to Inside Higher Ed, “Amherst President Carolyn (Biddy) Martin left the final decision about the deal in the hands of her faculty. She expressed public support for working with edX but said she saw risks either way. After months of deliberation on campus, the faculty met Tuesday night to decide if Amherst should join edX. The administration said it would respect the faculty vote. The faculty voted on a substitute motion offered by an opponent of the edX deal that concluded Amherst should chart its own course rather than join edX. Seventy faculty members then voted to formally approve that motion, 41 voted against and five abstained.”

It is refreshing to see a College President who is willing to empower faculty members to study a problem seriously and then vote on college policy.

The Amherst faculty examined edX’s proposal and wrote a report on their findings. Inside Higher Ed indicates that faculty members “expressed broader concerns about the direction in which edX and others like it are taking higher education.” In particular, professors pointed out that “edX wants to offer its users completion certificates bearing Amherst’s name. This worried some faculty, as well as Martin.”

This highlights one of the main potential threats of MOOCs for higher education in the United States: that new MOOC-providing companies will appropriate university’s credentials and use them to pass off MOOC courses as equivalent to face-to-face education in on-campus courses.

MOOCs do not seem particularly relevant for humanities disciplines, many of which rely on classroom discussion and interactive learning, rather than on a lecture-driven format.

Inside Higher Ed reports on this story.

Posted in Digital Humanities, Education Policy, Humanities Education, Information Management, The Past Alive: Teaching History, Undergraduate Work in History | Leave a comment

Graduate Student Research Revises Economic Advice

Graduate student research ideally develops new analysis and criticism by employing new evidence and/or new methods.

Thomas Herndon, a graduate student in Economics at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst, recently made a finding that has major significance for economic policies worldwide.

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Herndon discovered an error in economic data that seemed to show that austerity measures are necessary when a nation’s debt exceeds 90% of that nation’s GDP.

The statistical data that Herndon critiques was produced by professors Carmen Reinhart and Ken Rogoff and presented in a 2010 paper entitled “Growth in a Time of Debt.” According to the BBC, their paper’s findings indicated that “economic growth slows dramatically when the size of a country’s debt rises above 90% of Gross Domestic Product, the overall size of the economy.”

Reinhart and Rogoff’s data has been used by politicians and policy-makers to argue for massive budget cuts and austerity measures in the United States and in a number of European Union (EU) countries.

Herndon discovered that Reinhart and Rogoff had made a serious miscalculation in averaging GDP growth for nations that have high public debt.

This finding removes one of the main pieces of statistical data that has been used by advocates of austerity measures to support their arguments. Economic historians, European historians, and historians of globalization will be interested in this story.

This case shows the importance of graduate work in questioning established findings critically and in performing original research.

The BBC reports on this story.

Posted in Academic Publishing, European History, European Union, Globalization, Graduate Work in History, Historiography and Social Theory, Information Management, Political Culture | Leave a comment

Blogs about War and Society

It is sometimes difficult to find an audience for academic blogs and internet resources amid the vast blogosphere.

I am pleased to find that this blog has been featured in an article on blogs that deal with war and society issues.

Mark Grimsley, Professor of History at Ohio State University, reviews several academic blogs in a piece entitled “Blogs: Professors of War,” MHQ Magazine 25 (Spring 2013): 90.

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Incidentally, this issue of MHQ Magazine also includes an article on women in the Second World War, as this brilliant cover image suggests.

Posted in Digital Humanities, Gender and Warfare, History of Violence, Humanities Education, Information Management, War, Culture, and Society, Warfare in the Early Modern World, Women and Gender History | Leave a comment

Rape in the Syrian Civil War

Sexual assault often accompanies military conflict. In many wars, some soldiers use their armed power to inflict sexual violence on prisoners and civilians. Sexual violence can at times become systematic, targeting specific groups of combatants or civilians to intimidate and humiliate them.

Many Syrian civilians have been caught in the midst of fighting, while millions of others have fled their homes as refugees—both within Syria and in neighboring countries. All civilians risk detention, interrogation, and violence at the hands of the soldiers who are waging civil warfare.

Syrian women, who are refugees, carry their children as they walk with a man at Al- Zaatri refugee camp, in the Jordanian city of Mafraq, near the border with Syria

Recent reports from Syria indicate that rape is being employed as a weapon in the fierce fighting of the Syrian Civil War.

The Atlantic provides data on reported incidents of sexual violence against female and male victims in the following table:

syrianrape-table

The International Rescue Committee (IRC) has published a report on the conditions of Syrian refugees, which discusses the problem of rape in the conflict. The Washington Post and the Guardian also report on rape in the Syrian Civil War.

Posted in Civil Conflict, Civilians and Refugees in War, Gender and Warfare, History of Violence, Human Rights, War, Culture, and Society, Women and Gender History | Leave a comment

The Danger of Pre-emptive Strikes

With tensions already running high on the Korean peninsula, many American policy-makers and advisers are talking tough.

Now historian Jeremi Suri has weighed in, arguing in an op-ed in the New York Times that “the Korean crisis has now become a strategic threat to America’s core national interests.” Suri, Professor of History at the University of Texas at Austin, provides a recommendation on how best to handle this crisis: “The best option is to destroy the North Korean missile on the ground before it is launched. The United States should use a precise airstrike to render the missile and its mobile launcher inoperable.”

northkoreanmissile

The legal justifications for pre-emptive strikes under international law are weak and highly contested, however. There are certainly numerous historical precedents for pre-emptive strikes, including the United States invasion of Iraq in 2003, the Israeli airstrike on the Osirak nuclear reactor in Iraq in 1981, the Six-Day War of 1967.

Pre-emptive strikes are extremely risky, since they often fail to achieve their objectives or produce unintended consequences. The 2003 invasion of Iraq succeeded in toppling Saddam Hussein’s regime, but produced a serious civil conflict that continues today.

More distant historical cases also suggest the dangers of pre-emptive strikes. A few examples from European history illustrate this point.

King Charles IX and his advisers launched a pre-emptive strike to destroy the leadership of the Huguenot nobility gathered in Paris in August 1572, but the resulting Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre gravely damaged the monarch’s reputation, reignited religious warfare across France, and deepened animosities between French Catholics and Calvinists for decades.

A decade later, another Valois king launched another pre-emptive strike in France. King Henri III ordered his bodyguard to assassinate the duc de Guise and the cardinal de Guise, the leaders of the Catholic League, during a meeting of the Estates-General at Blois in 1588. The assassinations provoked outrage by devout Catholics throughout France. A year later, Henri III would be killed by a Catholic Leaguer assassin.

In the seventeenth century, King Louis XIV launched an invasion of the Netherlands in 1672, intending to deliver a knockout blows against his Dutch rivals. The pre-emptive strike failed when the Dutch opened dikes and flooded the countryside, leading to a protracted war. Again in 1688, Louis XIV attempted a pre-emptive strike, but France ended up embroiled in a Nine Years’ War. Historian John A. Lynn refers to the “phantom of the short war” to describe the illusion that a quick military strike can eliminate an enemy or deliver a knockout blow. Lynn argues that “again and again, Louis naively accepted the promise of a short war.”

The German offensive on Belgium and France in 1914 can be considered a pre-emptive strike which failed to deliver a quick victory. Instead, a French counter-offensive blunted the invasion, ultimately leading to prolonged entrenchments and a brutal war of attrition.

Before committing to a pre-emptive military strike against North Korea, American policy-makers should carefully consider the chimera of the short war.

The New York Times published Jeremi Suri’s op-ed on 12 April 2013.

The historical, military, and legal literature on pre-emptive strikes and the laws of war is vast, so I cannot provide a full bibliography here.

For the material on Louis XIV’s wars, see: John A. Lynn, “A Quest for Glory: The Formation of Strategy under Louis XIV, 1661-1715,” in The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War, ed. Williamson Murray, MacGregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 178-204.

Northern Illinois University students in History will be interested in examining the historical cases cited in the policy debates on the current Korean crisis.

Posted in Early Modern Europe, Empires and Imperialism, European History, European Wars of Religion, French History, French Wars of Religion, History of Violence, Human Rights, Laws of War, Political Culture, Strategy and International Politics, War, Culture, and Society, Warfare in the Early Modern World | 1 Comment

Pseudo-Academia

An alternate universe of Pseudo-Academia has appeared and it is rapidly growing.

Many researchers and authors, including myself, are excited about the possibilities of open access publishing. Open access models have the potential to increase accessibility to new research, to facilitate the dissemination of new ideas, to expand audiences for publications, and to enhance scholarly exchanges.

Serious readers who have used Wikipedia and other open access online resources are familiar with some of the problems of open access publishing: unreliability, inaccuracy, and instability. New dangers of open access publishing are now appearing in the academic world, leading Stanford professor Steven Goodman to refer to “the dark side of open access.”

Predatory pseudo-academic conferences and journals are increasingly preying on graduate students and professors who aim to present and publish their findings using new media. A number of scholars have “stumbled into a parallel world of pseudo-academia, complete with prestigiously titled conferences and journals that sponsor them. Many of the journals and meetings have names that are nearly identical to those of established, well-known publications and events,” according to an article in the New York Times.

pseudo-academia

Librarian Jeffrey Beall maintains a blacklist of “predatory open-access journals.” According to the New York Times, “There were 20 publishers on his list in 2010, and now there are more than 300. He estimates that there are as many as 4,000 predatory journals today, at least 25 percent of the total number of open-access journals.”

The New York Times reports on pseudo-academic journals in the sciences, but there are also pseudo-academic publishers and conference organizers in the humanities and social sciences.

Posted in Academic Freedom, Academic Publishing, Current Research, Digital Humanities, Education Policy, Humanities Education, Information Management | Leave a comment

Mapping the Mediterranean Conference

Call for Papers – “Mapping the Mediterranean: Space, Memory, and the Long Road to Modernity” – 11-12 October 2013. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Proposals for papers are being accepted for: “Mapping the Mediterranean: Space, Memory, and the Long Road to Modernity” to be held at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor on 11-12 October 2013.

Keynote Panel: “The Present and Future of Mediterranean Studies”
Yasser Ellhariry*, Dartmouth College*
Gail Holst-Warhaft*, Cornell University*
Sharon Kinoshita*, University of California, Santa Cruz*
Karla Mallette*, University of Michigan (chair)

The Mediterranean served as a site of transit, exchange, and interaction
for well over two millennia, demonstrating tendencies towards both
unification and dispersion. With the onset of modernity, however,
linguistic, ethnic, and national boundaries solidified across the region.
Language, history, memory, and space itself were literally reshaped by the
tools of archaeology, architecture, tourism, mass print, national
education, and transportation.

In recent years, scholarship has begun to excavate past connections and
exchanges that belie our modern conception of the region, mapping out a
diverse – yet united – series of Mediterranean identities centered on the
connecting sea.

Mediterranean Topographies, the University of Michigan’s Interdisciplinary
Workshop on Mediterranean Studies, is pleased to announce its second
conference for graduate students and young faculty. Our symposium attempts
to bring this new model – one that is deeply transnational and
cross-cultural, yet situated primarily within the ancient, pre- and
early-modern periods – into meaningful dialogue with modernity. We will
engage the space of the Mediterranean through the cityscape, as seen
through the lenses of literature, history, anthropology, cultural studies,
architecture, and urban planning. Areas of focus will include (but not be
restricted to):

* cartography and spatiality, city planning and historical narrative,
architecture and collective memory;
* ideologies of the urban, relationships between city and peripheries
(hinterlands, islands, deserts etc.);
* mobility, emigration, immigration, class-stratification, ghettoization,
tourism;
* material history, consumption, trade, manufacturing, commodification,
fashion;
* remembering the city, memoir, nostalgia;
* gendering and queering the city;
* (de)/(re)colonizing the city;
* and, in general, the destruction, re-construction, and re-imagining of
the Mediterranean city space after the spread of nationalism.

Using these foci, we will explore the multiple Mediterraneans that have
been built up and torn down since the onset of modernity. In short, this
symposium will attempt to address the ways in which pre- and early-modern
interconnectivities – both real and imagined – were destroyed, kept alive,
or modulated over the long passage into modernity. Although our focus will
be upon transitions stretching from the early modern to modernity (c. 1500
to today), we nonetheless encourage work that treats these same issues of
urban transformation in the ancient world, especially within a diachronic,
comparative framework. We also encourage contributions that focus on
methodological debates and innovations for mapping and studying
Mediterranean cities.

We seek to bring together work in the humanities, arts, and social
sciences. We invite abstracts ranging from 200-250 words that relate to or
expand upon the topics suggested above. Submissions are especially
encouraged from disciplines such as literature, the history of art,
history, anthropology, sociology, architecture and urbanism, gender and
women’s studies, queer studies, African studies, and religious studies.
Along with your abstract please suggest the category or categories to which
you feel your submission is best suited. Please provide your institutional
affiliation and mailing address, as well as telephone number. Indicate
whether a/v equipment will be needed.

The presentation should be in English, twenty minutes in length (i.e., 10
double-spaced pages) and may address a topic from any relevant period(s) or
discipline(s). Deadline for abstract submission: May 15, 2013.

Please direct questions and submissions to the Meditopos symposium
co-chairs, Harry Kashdan and Will Stroebel, at kashdan@umich.edu and
stroebel@umich.edu.

Posted in Conferences, Early Modern Europe, Early Modern World, Graduate Work in History, Mediterranean World, Museums and Historical Memory | Leave a comment

Medici Archive Project Archival Studies Seminar

The Medici Archive Project – Seminar on Paleography and Archival Studies 2013

archivalstudies

For the third consecutive year, the Medici Archive Project will be offering a two-week intensive seminar on archival research especially intended for advanced graduate students in Renaissance and early modern studies. This seminar will be team-taught by current MAP staff. Course participants will have the opportunity to work directly with original documents and will visit a number of Florentine archives.

The seminar aims to teach scholars to navigate Italian archives (with particular emphasis on Florentine collections), to examine in depth various document typologies, to read the documents, to identify paleographic conventions, and to apply this research to their scholarly pursuits. Class-size is restricted to twelve, so that each participant will receive personal guidance.

The seminar will run from Monday, June 10 to Saturday, June 22, 2013. The tuition for this course is US $ 700, payable by PayPal upon acceptance.

For further information, or to apply, contact Dr. Elena Brizio at ebrizio@medici.org. To apply, please send a CV and a brief statement explaining how this course will benefit your current research project by May 1, 2013.

For a seminar description, see the Medici Archive Project website.

Posted in Archival Research, Digital Humanities, Early Modern Europe, Early Modern World, European History, Graduate Work in History, Grants and Fellowships, Humanities Education, Italian History | Leave a comment

Inside the Syrian Civil War

The Syrian Civil War continues to rage. Approximately 70,000 Syrians have already been killed and an estimated 4 million Syrians have fled their homes as refugees.

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PBS’s Frontline recently aired a gripping documentary on “Syria Behind the Lines.” The documentary follows the lives of a Syrian Army lieutenant, rebel fighter, and  civilians in the Orontes river valley. The film reveals the sectarian and political motivations of the combatants and the brutality of the conflict. The filmmaker also shows the fragility of the life of refugee civilians caught in the midst of the fighting.

syria-bombing

Scholars and students studying civil violence and religious violence will find this documentary fascinating, but also disturbing.

NIU students in HIST 390 History and Film: War in Film will be particularly interested in this documentary film.

Posted in Civil Conflict, Civilians and Refugees in War, Gender and Warfare, History of Violence, Religious Violence, Revolts and Revolutions, War in Film, War, Culture, and Society | Leave a comment

Depardieu and French Film

Gérard Depardieu has significantly shaped international experiences of French film over the past generation. His recent departure from France has triggered a series of reflections on his impact on French cinema and French identity.

depardieu-police

Film critic Richard Brody argues that Depardieu “really does seem to bear on his shoulders the burden of French history, and it’s his very ability to signify something essentially French to the French that has both made him such a favorite actor among audiences and auteurs alike—and that’s why his planned fiscal self-exile has become such a big national affaire. But the public display of his frustrations, resentments, and pleasures is built on the superb work that he has done onscreen in movies that are enduring classics.”

Richard Brody offers a reflection on Depardieu’s significance in the New Yorker.

Posted in European History, European Union, French History, Historical Film | Leave a comment